Wireless Networks for Rectangular Micro Strip -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theWireless Networks for Rectangular Micro Strip. Answer: The antennas present in the modern world are used to provide a connection via the use of free space between receiver equipment and its corresponding transmitter equipment. There are many categories of the antennas present in the modern times. They are: Travelling wave antennas (Helical Antenna, Yagi-Uda Antenna) Microwave Antennas (Planar Inverted-F Antenna, Rectangular Micro strip Antenna,) Reflector Antennas (Parabolic Reflector, Corner Reflector,) Log Periodic antennas (Bow Tie Antenna, Log-Periodic Dipole Array) Wire antennas (Short Dipole Antenna, Dipole Antenna, Monopole Antenna and Loop Antenna) The travelling wave antennas are the first type of antenna. It includes the helical and the Yagi-Uda antenna. These types of antennas use a guided media for the transmission of the radiation properties. These types of antennas work via the propagation of the radiation characteristics along the axis of the antenna involved (Stutzman, Thiele, 2012). The advantages of this type of antenna are the higher directivity and gain. The less power consumption and waste is also another advantage of this type of antenna. However, the less resistance to noise and less resistance to the atmospheric fluctuations are the disadvantages of these types of antenna. Microwave antennas are those types of antenna whose working depends on the use of microwave radiation energy for the transmission and reception of signals (Hamidi et al., 2012). High bandwidth and low interference are included in the advantages of these types of antennas while the line of sight requirements for working is the main disadvantages. The reflector antenna works by the use of curved surface reflectors to help focus the radiations on the antenna. The main advantages of this type of antenna are the presence of high bandwidth and gain while the main disadvantages are the sole requirements of reflectors. The use of directional structures and the multi-elements are the specifications of the log-based antennas. Due to change in frequency, the characteristics of operation cause a shift in the active region leading to transmission and reception (Hancock et al., 2013). The presence of stable resistance over a range of frequencies and high bandwidth is the main advantages. The low gain contributes to disadvantages. Wire or linear antennas are based on the presence of two metal rods, which is present to act as the main radiation element in the concerned antenna. The main advantages are the design simplicity and undistorted output. However, the large size proposes disadvantages. In addition, the main antennas that are used for connection for long range as well as medium range communications are the directional antennas. The wide ranges of operation are the most required specification, which makes this antenna, type a preferred choice. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a conceptual process, which involves the concept of multiplexing that is used to enable various signals to utilize an only channel for transmission or reception. This type of technology is used for the Ultra High Frequency bands (UHF). As the name suggests, the data and the voice signals that are intended for transmission and reception is separated by the presence of specific codes. These codes are then transmitted using a much wider range of frequency. The user who is sending the signals is assigned a specific code, which defines the allotment of a specific portion of the channel bandwidth (Ghafouri-Shiraz Karbassian, 2012). The further use of the main techniques involved in CDMA are the Direct sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) and the frequency hopped Code Division Multiple Access. The codes that are assigned to the users for transmission or reception are orthogonal to the other codes. This process forms the core process of th e Code Division Multiple Access technology and helps the transmitters or receiver to recognize the signal that is intended for them. The process of operation in Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) involves the presence of interference and noise. This technology used in Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) became the main standard for third generation mobile internet access (3G). Frequency Division Multiple access (FDMA) is a technology in which the available channel bandwidth is used to be divided into smaller channels that have the same frequencies. The Frequency Division Multiple access (FDMA) is also used to provide multiple access protocols over the channelization protocols. These smaller channels thus formed helps in the reception or transmission as intended (Ochiai, 2012). Due to the overlapping of these small channels, the concept of guard bands is used. These bands are smaller frequency bands that are present between two smaller consecutive channels. The guard bands helps in identification of the channel involved and responsible for minimizing the overlapping interference among the channels involved. The channels that are intended for transmission of signals for one user is sent at the transmitter side and that signal is received at the receiver side. The guard bands present helps in identification of the channels involved. The first generation analo g telephones use this type of technology. Frequency Division Multiple access (FDMA) is also used for communication in satellites. The basic operation of Frequency Division Multiple access (FDMA) involves the transmission of a lower bandwidth signal with a higher bandwidth signal. The higher bandwidth signal is termed as the carrier and the lower bandwidth signal is termed as the information signal. Together, they form the main ideas for modulation. Comparison between FDMA process CDMA process (Patil, Karhe Aher, 2012) FDMA Channel is seemed idle when its use is not going. The presence of narrow bandwidth is a hindrance for the FDMA Symbol spreading requires less equalization Analog links use the presence of FDMA Tight filtering reduces the presence of interference Frequency division duplex (FDD) combined with FDMA creates duplexing of the signal. CDMA The use of same frequency for the simultaneous transmission of the signals Widespread spreading accompanies the narrowband signals The codes to be identified in the receiver are analyzed and the rest are termed as noise The code of the transmitter is needed in the receiver side References: Ghafouri-Shiraz, H., Karbassian, M. M. (2012).Optical CDMA networks: principles, analysis and applications(Vol. 38). John Wiley Sons. Hamidi, Z. S., Abidin, Z., Ibrahim, Z., Shariff, N., Monstein, C. (2012). Modification and Performance of Log Periodic Dipole Antenna.International Journal of Engineering Research and Development,3(3), 36-39. Hancock, C. P., Dharmasiri, N., White, M., Goodman, A. M. (2013). The design and development of an integrated multi-functional microwave antenna structure for biological applications.IEEE Transactions on Microwave theory and Techniques,61(5), 2230-2241. Ochiai, H. (2012). On instantaneous power distributions of single-carrier FDMA signals.IEEE Wireless Communications Letters,1(2), 73-76. Patil, C. S., Karhe, R. R., Aher, M. A. (2012). Review on Generations in Mobile Cellular Technology.International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering,2(10). Stutzman, W. L., Thiele, G. A. (2012).Antenna theory and design. John Wiley Sons.