Essay on George Frideric Handels Water Music - 948 Words

George Frideric Handels Water Music Not only is George Frideric Handels Water Music extraordinarily beautiful, it also helped to establish the orchestral suite as a legitimate art form. Written to be performed outside instead of in a theater, it remains one of the most outstanding compositions in Handels catalogue. Even though it is somewhat overplayed, the Water Music continues to be a very popular work of art. By nature of the venue this great work was to be performed in, Handel had to be very original in orchestration. His strong usage of woodwinds and percussion influenced countless composers such as the wind music of Mozart, Holst, Strauss, Beethoven, Vaughn-Williams, and even Stravinsky. Handels music proved that he†¦show more content†¦George Frideric Handel is generally considered the second most important Baroque composer after Bach. Unlike Bachs nearly complete focus on church music in Germany, Handel more openly embraced the French, Italian, and English secular music. Also unlike Bach, Handel did not come from a long line of musicians. When he was born on February 23, 1685, Handels family had no idea that he would rise to a legendary status in music. Handels father began to see his sons desire to compose at an early age and violently objected. His mother was responsible for nurturing and continuing his musical education. At the age of seven, Handel was asked to give an organ recital for the Duke of Sachse-Weissenfels. The Duke was very impressed and awarded the family with a generous amount of money. This event persuaded his father to allow Handel to pursue his musical career. When his father died in1697, Handel was freed from his fathers will. He studied with numerous organists and gained minor fame. In 1703, he moved to Hamburg. There he met Telemann and began to have many of his works performed. He then traveled to Rome and numerous European capitals until he settled in England in 1714. He remained a world traveler his entire life which was a main contribu ting factor to his originality and probably was responsible for his well-known habit of borrowing musicShow MoreRelatedThe Life and Musical Influence of George Frideric Handel1752 Words   |  7 Pages George Frideric Handel was born musically inclined. As a child he was deprived of musical instruments because his father wanted him to pursue the law profession. However, George was allowed to take music lessons from a local organist, by the name of Friedrich Wilhelm Zachau, after Handel had impressed the Duke when he played the organ at the chapel. In his following years, Handel would travel to many places, accepting many different musical occupations. As Handel traveled, he was introduced toRead MoreEssay on The Life and Musical Influence of George Frideric Handel1850 Words   |  8 PagesGeorge Frideric Handel was born musically inclined. As a child he was deprived of musical instruments because his father wanted him to pursue the law profession. However, George was allowed to take music lessons from a local organist, by the name of Friedrich Wilhelm Zachau, after Handel had impressed the Duke when he played the organ at the chapel. In his following years, Handel would travel to many places, accepting many different musical occupations. As Handel traveled, he was introduced to manyRead MoreThe Life of G.F. Handel Essay1137 Words   |  5 PagesHandel George Frideric Handel was born on February 23rd, 1685 in Halle, Germany. Handel had a passion for music from the time he was capable of understanding it. His father Georg was a highly respected barber/surgeon (Cavendish, vol. 4, pg. 60), which did not believe in music as a career and wanted his son to study law. Georg thought a career in law would offer more prospects and stability (60). Handel’s father was so against having his son play music, he took all ofRead MoreCompare the lives and works of Bach and Handel2025 Words   |  9 Pagespost was as court conductor for the prince of Cà ¶then. His salary was much higher, and he was not required to compose church or organ music. The prince was a Calvinist, and therefore a simple psalm was sufficient for the service. Between 1717 and 1723, he led the princes orchestra, and the Bradenburg Concertos arose from this period. In 1723, he became a director of music at the St. Thomas Church in Leipzig, a job he held until his death. Perhaps the most studied work of Bach was the Well-Tempered ClavierRead MoreExperimental Psychology Proposal1958 Words   |  8 Pagesof Genre of Music on Memory Retention Abstract The existing experiment was conducted to confirm the effects of genre of music on memory retention. With the knowledge that music does have an effect on human mind and body, background information and our previous experience with music gave us this hypothesis. Certain types of music are known to activate the left and right parts of the brain, which maximizes learning and aids in memory retention (Heathman,2011). Responses to music are easy to

Regression Analysis for Demand Estimation - 1065 Words

Demand Estimation by Regression Method – Some Statistical Concepts for application ( All the formulae marked in red for remembering. The rest is for your concept) In case of demand estimation working with data on sales and prices for a period of say 10 years may lead to the problem of identification. In such a case the different variables that may have changed over time other than price, may have an impact on demand more rather than price. In order to void this problem of identification what we adopt is the techniques of demand estimation through regression process in order to distinguish the effects of different variables on demand. In order to understand the basic working and application of the model, let us start with two variable†¦show more content†¦However there are other parameters the output box provides us. Test of Significance of b value that implies how significant is the impact of the variation in the explanatory variable on variation caused for dependent variable. For this we test the null hypothesis b =0. for that we use a test statistic that follows the t- distribution with degrees of freedom n-k, where nis the number of observations and k is the number of parameters estimated In this case n=10 and k=2. therefore d.f=8. the test statistic t is defined as, as b=0 under null hypothesis and S.E. is the standard error of the estimated b. The S.E of estimated b is given by (to be remembered). This means that as standard error of estimated b is high the variation due to unexplained variation is relatively hgher as compared with the variation explained by explanatory variable. Thus significance of b will be less as t value will be small. T value is compared with the tabulated value of t with degrees of freedom 8 and level of significance to be equal to 5% (level of significance is the region where we may commit Type I error – Rejecting Null HypothesisShow MoreRelatedRegression Analysis for Demand Estimation1052 Words   |  5 PagesDemand Estimation by Regression Method à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Some Statistical Concepts for application ( All the formulae marked in red for remembering. The rest is for your concept) In case of demand estimation working with data on sales and prices for a period of say 10 years may lead to the problem of identification. In such a case the different variables that may have changed over time other than price, may have an impact on demand more rather than price. In order to void this problem of identification whatRead MoreManagerial Economics Case Study1010 Words   |  5 PagesECO 556 BM221 4c â€Å"DEMAND FOR VE MICROWAVE OVEN† TABLE OF CONTACT 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 METHODOLOGY 3.0 DATA DEMAND FOR VE MICROWAVE OVEN 4.0 EQUATION 5.0 FINDINGS AND INTERPRETATION 5.1 Evaluation of Statically Significant At 95% Or Significant Level for Each Independent Variable. 5.2 Interpretation Coefficient of Determination 5.3 Interpretation of F-Test 5.4 Interpretation of Standard Error of Estimate 5.5 Derivation of Demand Curve 5.6 Elasticity of Demand 6.0 CONCLUSION APPENDIX Read MoreUniversity Book Store Computer Purchase Program930 Words   |  4 PagesProgram 1. Background. The Busy Biker is a bike shop located close to Tokyo University and owned by Nomura Hideki. He began the shop 20 years ago and sell new and second hand bicycle after fixing it too. The Business grew and demand continued to increase. Nomura must determine how many bicycles he need to have in stock at every beginning of semester. Below here is the data that help Nomura to forecast and to know how accurate will it be in assisting him in his business. Read MoreEssay on Managrial Economics Project881 Words   |  4 PagesTeam 20 | MANAGIRAL ECONOMICS PROJECT 1 | Estimation of the Demand for Combo 1 meals | | Corey Siragusa 106549438 | Yujing Zhang 108672624 | Gary Zhao 108693441 | 11/7/2012 | a) Using the data in Table 1, specify a linear functional form for the demand for Combination 1 meals, and run a regression to estimate the demand for Combo 1 meals. According to the passage, we know that the Quantity of meals sold by Combination (Q) is related to the average price charged (P) and theRead MoreApplication Of A Regression Analysis1241 Words   |  5 Pages Since electricity demand and the regressors are in logarithms, the demand elasticities are directly derived from the coefficients. Monthly binary dummy covers from January to November and does not include dummy for December to avoid dummy variable trap. Severe multicollinearity between price variables of on-peak, mid-peak and off peak limited the estimation of cross price elasticity. We assume that individual error components are uncorrelated with each other. With regards to choice of econometricRead MoreRegression Analysis1447 Words   |  6 PagesREGRESSION ANALYSIS Correlation only indicates the degree and direction of relationship between two variables. It does not, necessarily connote a cause-effect relationship. Even when there are grounds to believe the causal relationship exits, correlation does not tell us which variable is the cause and which, the effect. For example, the demand for a commodity and its price will generally be found to be correlated, but the question whether demand depends on price or vice-versa; will not be answeredRead MoreData Description Of Raw Data Essay963 Words   |  4 Pagesassumed that Demand equals to Supply. Therefore, the monthly quantity demanded for strawberries imports Q, usually increases from January and reaches its peak in April, and starts to decline afterwards. Q is the lowest of the year in August and September, and starts to increase again (see Teble-1). Demand Estimation and Forecasting Procedure Assumptions The estimated demand was assumed to be linear, and exporting countries face downward sloping demand curves: the relationship between the demand for andRead MoreRegression Analysis : Data And Writing Project Description887 Words   |  4 Pagesrecommendations based on regression analysis. The demand curve shows the quantity demanded at each price. Equivalently, the inverse demand curve shows the willingness to pay for the last item at a given quantity. I agree with your regression coefficients of Q = 883223.748 - 25355.71584P and Cost = 3122901 +8.755693 Q. Linear regression is better at interpolating than extrapolating. The prices ranged from 10.99 to 31.99, so we are interpolating between prices of 10.99 and 31.99. The linear regression is less reliableRead MoreEco550 Assignment 11150 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment 1: Making Decisions Based on Demand and Forecasting Managerial Economics and Globalization, ECO550 Making Decisions Based on Demand and Forecasting A market demand analysis is used to help understand how much consumer demand there is for a given product or service. This type of analysis will help determine if a business can successfully enter a market and generate enough revenue and profit to maintain the business. One must identify the market and the growthRead MoreMaking Decisions Based on Demand and Forecasting1146 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment 1: Making Decisions Based on Demand and Forecasting Managerial Economics and Globalization, ECO550 Making Decisions Based on Demand and Forecasting A market demand analysis is used to help understand how much consumer demand there is for a given product or service. This type of analysis will help determine if a business can successfully enter a market and generate enough revenue and profit to maintain the business. One must identify the market and the growth

Wireless Networks for Rectangular Micro Strip -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theWireless Networks for Rectangular Micro Strip. Answer: The antennas present in the modern world are used to provide a connection via the use of free space between receiver equipment and its corresponding transmitter equipment. There are many categories of the antennas present in the modern times. They are: Travelling wave antennas (Helical Antenna, Yagi-Uda Antenna) Microwave Antennas (Planar Inverted-F Antenna, Rectangular Micro strip Antenna,) Reflector Antennas (Parabolic Reflector, Corner Reflector,) Log Periodic antennas (Bow Tie Antenna, Log-Periodic Dipole Array) Wire antennas (Short Dipole Antenna, Dipole Antenna, Monopole Antenna and Loop Antenna) The travelling wave antennas are the first type of antenna. It includes the helical and the Yagi-Uda antenna. These types of antennas use a guided media for the transmission of the radiation properties. These types of antennas work via the propagation of the radiation characteristics along the axis of the antenna involved (Stutzman, Thiele, 2012). The advantages of this type of antenna are the higher directivity and gain. The less power consumption and waste is also another advantage of this type of antenna. However, the less resistance to noise and less resistance to the atmospheric fluctuations are the disadvantages of these types of antenna. Microwave antennas are those types of antenna whose working depends on the use of microwave radiation energy for the transmission and reception of signals (Hamidi et al., 2012). High bandwidth and low interference are included in the advantages of these types of antennas while the line of sight requirements for working is the main disadvantages. The reflector antenna works by the use of curved surface reflectors to help focus the radiations on the antenna. The main advantages of this type of antenna are the presence of high bandwidth and gain while the main disadvantages are the sole requirements of reflectors. The use of directional structures and the multi-elements are the specifications of the log-based antennas. Due to change in frequency, the characteristics of operation cause a shift in the active region leading to transmission and reception (Hancock et al., 2013). The presence of stable resistance over a range of frequencies and high bandwidth is the main advantages. The low gain contributes to disadvantages. Wire or linear antennas are based on the presence of two metal rods, which is present to act as the main radiation element in the concerned antenna. The main advantages are the design simplicity and undistorted output. However, the large size proposes disadvantages. In addition, the main antennas that are used for connection for long range as well as medium range communications are the directional antennas. The wide ranges of operation are the most required specification, which makes this antenna, type a preferred choice. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a conceptual process, which involves the concept of multiplexing that is used to enable various signals to utilize an only channel for transmission or reception. This type of technology is used for the Ultra High Frequency bands (UHF). As the name suggests, the data and the voice signals that are intended for transmission and reception is separated by the presence of specific codes. These codes are then transmitted using a much wider range of frequency. The user who is sending the signals is assigned a specific code, which defines the allotment of a specific portion of the channel bandwidth (Ghafouri-Shiraz Karbassian, 2012). The further use of the main techniques involved in CDMA are the Direct sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) and the frequency hopped Code Division Multiple Access. The codes that are assigned to the users for transmission or reception are orthogonal to the other codes. This process forms the core process of th e Code Division Multiple Access technology and helps the transmitters or receiver to recognize the signal that is intended for them. The process of operation in Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) involves the presence of interference and noise. This technology used in Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) became the main standard for third generation mobile internet access (3G). Frequency Division Multiple access (FDMA) is a technology in which the available channel bandwidth is used to be divided into smaller channels that have the same frequencies. The Frequency Division Multiple access (FDMA) is also used to provide multiple access protocols over the channelization protocols. These smaller channels thus formed helps in the reception or transmission as intended (Ochiai, 2012). Due to the overlapping of these small channels, the concept of guard bands is used. These bands are smaller frequency bands that are present between two smaller consecutive channels. The guard bands helps in identification of the channel involved and responsible for minimizing the overlapping interference among the channels involved. The channels that are intended for transmission of signals for one user is sent at the transmitter side and that signal is received at the receiver side. The guard bands present helps in identification of the channels involved. The first generation analo g telephones use this type of technology. Frequency Division Multiple access (FDMA) is also used for communication in satellites. The basic operation of Frequency Division Multiple access (FDMA) involves the transmission of a lower bandwidth signal with a higher bandwidth signal. The higher bandwidth signal is termed as the carrier and the lower bandwidth signal is termed as the information signal. Together, they form the main ideas for modulation. Comparison between FDMA process CDMA process (Patil, Karhe Aher, 2012) FDMA Channel is seemed idle when its use is not going. The presence of narrow bandwidth is a hindrance for the FDMA Symbol spreading requires less equalization Analog links use the presence of FDMA Tight filtering reduces the presence of interference Frequency division duplex (FDD) combined with FDMA creates duplexing of the signal. CDMA The use of same frequency for the simultaneous transmission of the signals Widespread spreading accompanies the narrowband signals The codes to be identified in the receiver are analyzed and the rest are termed as noise The code of the transmitter is needed in the receiver side References: Ghafouri-Shiraz, H., Karbassian, M. M. (2012).Optical CDMA networks: principles, analysis and applications(Vol. 38). John Wiley Sons. Hamidi, Z. S., Abidin, Z., Ibrahim, Z., Shariff, N., Monstein, C. (2012). Modification and Performance of Log Periodic Dipole Antenna.International Journal of Engineering Research and Development,3(3), 36-39. Hancock, C. P., Dharmasiri, N., White, M., Goodman, A. M. (2013). The design and development of an integrated multi-functional microwave antenna structure for biological applications.IEEE Transactions on Microwave theory and Techniques,61(5), 2230-2241. Ochiai, H. (2012). On instantaneous power distributions of single-carrier FDMA signals.IEEE Wireless Communications Letters,1(2), 73-76. Patil, C. S., Karhe, R. R., Aher, M. A. (2012). Review on Generations in Mobile Cellular Technology.International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering,2(10). Stutzman, W. L., Thiele, G. A. (2012).Antenna theory and design. John Wiley Sons.

Matchbox 20 free essay sample

In March, Matchbox 20 returned to the Orpheum Theater in Boston, Massachusetts to play a sold-out show. Many excited fans (and I) couldnt wait to see them. Even though I had really bad seats in the balcony, I didnt mind. Around 7: 30 p.m. the first band, David Ganza, came on. They were unknown, and not many saw them. Most were hanging out in the lobby or came late. But those who saw this band were supportive and I though they were okay. Then around 8 p.m., the seats started to fill as many fans waited for Matchbox 20. I sat there watching the crew set up the equipment. At 8: 30, the lights lowered and a small film started to play. After the film the curtain went up and the lead singer, Rob Thomas, started singing Busted. Everyone, (including me), started screaming. During the first set, everyone got up and starting singing along to Real World, 3 a. We will write a custom essay sample on Matchbox 20 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page m., and others. During Shame, Rob Thomass microphone went out. Many fans started to tell the singer they couldnt hear and cheered till the problem got fixed. The band ended with Push and then left for intermission. The fans screamed and ranted, wanting an encore. Rob Thomas came out after the intermission and played a short acoustic set. During the second set, they played a lot of new songs which probably ended up on the second album. During one of the songs people took out their lighters and had a candle ceremony. Near the end, Rob Thomas informed the audience that this was their last American show for a while and introduced everyone in the band. They ended with the song, Long Day and left with the Matchbox 20 logo flashing on the screen. I recommend checking out this band because if you love their album, youll like seeing them live. . Matchbox 20 free essay sample Matchbox 20s enthusiasm over performing in front of a packed house in Boston was clear on that November night. Despite the first snowfall of the season and the harshly cold weather, fans from all parts of New England crowded into the Orpheum for this zestful performance. Matchbox 20 is comprised of some very talented musicians. Guitarists Kyle Cook and Adam Gaynor made an exceptional and flawless performance. Lead singer Rob Thomas forceful voice and exceptional song-writing skills were equally impressive. In general, the stage show was vibrant and well-paced. However, at points the lighting was so bright I wished I had brought sunglasses. Nevertheless, their performance was well received, and they kept the crowd eager for more. Leaving few displeased, Matchbox 20 played some well-known songs from their latest album, Yourself or Someone Like Yourself. They kept the crowd singing with their most popular Push, which is currently played on many radio stations, as well as music countdowns. We will write a custom essay sample on Matchbox 20 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Other well-known songs that went over big were 3 A.M. and their first hit single Long Day. The opening band featured the talented lead singer Lili Hayden, who played the violin in a very original way. Their music creates a strange and intriguing new sound by combining classical violin with regular rock instruments. This band was well received by the audience and may soon become a success in the music world. The exciting performances of these two bands left nothing to be desired. This will not be the last time we hear of Matchbox 20. Theyre well on their way to becoming even more popular as they continue to produce more and more hit songs. With Boston as the last stop of their long tour, we were delighted to see them perform and hope they continue making hit music in the future. .

Hill Surname Meaning and Origin

Hill Surname Meaning and Origin There are several possible origins for the common HILL surname. The most common origin of the surname Hill is as a topographic or place name for one who lives on or near a hill, derived from the Old English hyll.A corruption of the German hild, meaning battle.From the medieval given name Hill, a short form of the personal name Hilary, from the Latin hilaris, meaning cheerful or glad. Hill is the 31st most popular surname in the United States and the 19th most common surname in Scotland. Surname Origin:  English Alternate Surname Spellings: Hills, Hille, Hyll, Hylle, Hille Hillemann, Hillmann, Hilmann Where People With the Surname Live According to surname distribution data from  Forebears, Hill  is most prevalent in the United States, where one in 699 people bears the name (ranking it 37th most common). Hill is also a common last name in England (36th), Australia (35th), New Zealand (34th), Wales (32nd), Canada (70th) and Scotland (89th). WorldNames PublicProfiler  identifies the Hill surname as especially common in Nova Scotia, Canada, as well as New Zealand, and the West Midlands district of the United Kingdom. Within England, Hill is found most prevalently in Birmingham, Worchestershire, Herefordshire, Derbyshire, and Somerset. Famous People James J. Hill  - Railroad magnate responsible for expanding railways into the U.S. Northwest during the late 19th century.Benny Hill  - British actor and comedianSteven Hill  - Jewish-American actor best  known for his roles in Mission Impossible and on Law Order.Sir Geoffrey William Hill - British poet Genealogy Resources Contrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Hill family crest or coat of arms for the Hill surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.   If youre looking for ancestors or interested in connecting with others who share the last name Hill, the following resources can help: HILL Family Genealogy Forum: Search this popular genealogy forum for the Hill surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Hill genealogy query.FamilySearch: Explore over 9  million historical records which mention individuals with the Hill  surname and variants, as well as online Hill family trees.HILL Surname and Family Mailing Lists: RootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Hill surname. Sources Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Frederic Chopin and Louis Moreau Gottschalk Essay

Frederic Chopin and Louis Moreau Gottschalk - Essay Example Gottschalk was considered to be the first widely recognized American composer in Europe (George, M.R., 1987, Starr, S., 2000) Chopin and Gottschalk both composed and played Romantic period music though their music is quite different. The musical works of Beethoven, Mozart, and Hadyn educated Chopin. Much of Chopin's music was considered to resemble Bach and Mozart. An obvious example of this being Chopin's 24 preludes in which all 24 of the keys mirror Bach's 48 preludes and fugues. The song-like melodies of his Nocturnes, which feature a gentle and flowing bass, are very much written in the style of Italian bel canto opera (Kennedy, M., 2004). Those that came before him also influenced Gottschalk, but he was not inspired by what today are considered classical composers. His time spent in South America and the Caribbean. His early days in New Orleans influenced much of his music in that he utilized much of the rhythmic variations that are characteristic of South American and Afro-American music. His works The Banjo, Grotesque Fantasie and Souvenir de Porto Rico were non-traditional pieces based on traditional Caribbean and South American pieces from unknown composers. He was very forth coming on any of his "quotations" and always acknowledged any borrowing from unknown work. He also did compose traditional, salon music. These pieces particularly The Dying Poet were very popular but ultimately considered inferior to his more ethnic pieces (Lowens, I., 2008). As Gottschalk's music was mainly untraditional and nationalistic, Chopin's was based more on tradition. However Chopin's polonaises were written to celebrate Polish culture and tradition and in this sense his music was nationalistic. He produced compositions of his nationality (George, M.R. 1987). Some of Gottschalk's early pieces La Bananier and Bamboula were based from music Gottschalk experienced in his youth in New Orleans (Starr, S., 2000). But the purpose of this nationalistic music is quite different. Chopin's polonaises were written to celebrate Polish culture and Gottschalk's pieces have an American influence but were not written to celebrate American culture. Gottschalk did eventually write some pieces during the Civil war celebrating the patriotic spirit (he supported the north), entitled The Union, and he was considered a patriot but his music did not inspire the nationalistic pride that Chopin's evoked. Both composers mainly wrote music for the piano. Gottschalk's pieces were written for two and four hands thought he did compose a few works for orchestra, opera, ballet and a programmatic symphony, A Night in the Tropics. Chopin frowned upon programmatic music and any musical scene painting. He maintained a classical purity and discretion in his music that resembles much of the music written before his lifetime. He also wrote primarily for the piano whether as a solo instrument or as an accompiament. His works include sonatas, interludes, nocturnes, preludes and etudes (Lowens, I., 2008, Michalowski, K., 2008). One of the largest differences between these two composers is not their compositions but their playing styles. Chopin required strict attendance on rhythm and the legato style or connection of two notes. He was very attentive to technique and playing a piece as it was written. All of his melodies are written out with no room for improvisation. Pianists can find Chopin's music challenging to play as he documented the all-rhythmic

Discuss the maintenance of altruism in the social amoeba Dictyostelium Essay

Discuss the maintenance of altruism in the social amoeba Dictyostelium doscoideum - Essay Example The separation of cheaters reduces the occurrence of cheating by the high genetic relatedness selection of cheaters according to the Kin-selection theory. In the social amoeba Dictyostelium Doscoideum which occurs in soil samples, the relatedness in natural groups is high enough to prevent the spread of destructive social cheaters. High relatedness can control a mutant that would otherwise at low relatedness destroy cooperation. The importance of relatedness is however challenged by the life cycle of social amoeba in the selection to prevent cheating. The altruism of amoeba is featured in the death of some amoeba to ensure the survival of the majority. When the bacterial source of food of amoeba that are naturally solitary organisms is depleted, they aggregate themselves to form a multicellular fruiting body where 25% of the cells die to form a stem that raises the remaining cells high enough for dispersal (Gilbert et al, 2007). The mixture of different clones creates the opportunity for cheaters and co-operators to form the group where they can cheat each other, for example in avoiding creating the stalk. Gilbert et al (2007) used mechanisms such as the estimation of relatedness in nature, searching for cheater mutants in nature and the examination of the cheating advantage of the fbxA . The relatedness is high in the co-operative groups of Dictyostelium Doscoideum since the organism forms fruiting bodies more often with organisms of the same kin. Fruiting bodies that were observed 92% were found to be of one clone (Gilbert et al, 2007). The high level of relatedness reduced the opportunity of cheaters gaining by avoiding forming the stalk which would be costly to the survival of the cells. The socially disruptive cheating mutant fbxA which cheats in chimeras was found to produce little or no spores on its own and hence it would be disastrous if allowed to spread. It would spread at low relatedness to reduce co-operation in the normal fruiting of cells and red uce the formation of spores which could result in extinction. Similarly, the mutant dimAÂ ­? is a social defector that fails to react to the signals to become part of the sterile stalk. The pleiotropic effect due to high relatedness of cells which occurs late during their development discourages cheating hence the dimAÂ ­? is usually unsuccessful. According to Khare et al (2009), some of the mechanisms that can be used to restrain cheating behaviour in nature include lowering the fitness of the cheater by intrinsic selection, pleiotropy of the cheater gene, the high genetic relatedness in natural populations, discrimination on the basis of kin as well as the evolution of the resistance to cheating. This is applied by a population of mutations that are able to resist cheating but this evolution is disadvantageous since it could result in new cheating strategies that could result in the demise of co-operation in these populations. In the research to find out whether it was possible to yield mutants that could resist cheating and still remain co-operative, Khare et al (2009) mixed different mutated cells and allowed them to develop into fruiting bodies and spores. They found that in a natural population of Dictyostelium Doscoideum the wild type allele was replaced during the development of the cells by a mutation that were predicted to be resistant to cheating. They also mixed wild type cells and mutant cells with cheater cells in a ratio 1:1 to